Amazing facts

HL- LHC HighLuminous Large Hadron Collider The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was successfully commissioned in 2010 for proton–proton collisions with a 7 TeV centre-of-mass energy. It delivered 8 TeV centre-of-mass proton collisions from April 2012 until the end of Run 1 in 2013. Following a long technical stop in 2013-2014, it operated with 13 TeV centre-of-mass proton collisions during Run 2 from 2015 onwards. It is a remarkable era for cosmology, astrophysics and high energy physics (HEP) and the LHC is at the forefront of attempts to understand the fundamental nature of the universe. The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 is undoubtedly a major milestone in the history of science. Beyond this, the LHC has the potential to go on and help answer some of the key questions of the age: the existence, or not, of supersymmetry; the nature of dark matter; the existence of extra dimensions. It is also important to continue to study the properties of the Higgs – here the LHC is ...

Superionic Ice Superionic water , also called  superionic ice  or  ice XVIII is a   phase  of  water  that exists at extremely high  temperatures  and  pressures . In superionic water, water molecules break apart and the oxygen ions  crystallize  into an evenly spaced lattice while the  hydrogen ions  float around freely within the oxygen lattice. [  The freely mobile hydrogen ions make superionic water almost as  conductive  as typical metals.Superionic water is distinct from ionic water, which is a hypothetical liquid state characterized by a disordered soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions. While theorized for decades, it was not until the 1990s that the first experimental evidence emerged for superionic water. Initial evidence came from optical measurements of laser-heated water in a diamond anvil cell,and from optical measurements of water shocked by extremely powerful lasers.The first definit...

TARDIGRADE Tardigrades  ( / ˈ t ɑːr d ɪ ɡ r eɪ d / ), known colloquially as  water bears  or  moss piglets ,  are a  phylum  of water-dwelling eight-legged segmented  micro-animals .  They were first described by the German zoologist  Johann August Ephraim Goeze  in 1773, who called them  little water bears . In 1777, the Italian biologist  Lazzaro Spallanzani  named them  Tardigrada , which means "slow steppers". They have been found everywhere, from mountaintops to the deep sea and  mud volcanoes ,  and from tropical  rainforests  to the  Antarctic .  Tardigrades are among the most resilient animals known,  with individual species able to survive extreme conditions—such as exposure to extreme temperatures, extreme  pressures  (both high and low), air deprivation, radiation, dehydration, and starvation—that would quickly kill most other known forms of  life...